INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This paper entitles bullying among students will discuss introduction about bully, the reasons why bullying occur among students, the effect of bullying, ways to overcome and conclusion.

1.1.1 DEFINITION OF BULLY

Bullying is an act of repeated aggressive behavior in order to intentionally hurt another person physically or mentally. Bullying is characterized by an individual behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person (Besag,1989). Behavior may include name calling, verbal or written abuse, exclusion from activities, exclusion from social situations, physical abuse, or coercion (Carey,2003, Whitted & Dupper,2005). Bullies may behave this way to be perceived as popular or tough or to get attention. They may bully out of jealousy or be acting out because they themselves are bullied (Crothers & Levinson,2004).

Furthermore, bullying can be classified into two categories such as direct bullying and indirect bullying which is also known as social aggression. Direct bullying is a great deal of physical aggression such as shoving and poking, throwing things, slapping, choking, punching and kicking, beating, stabbing, pulling hair, scratching, biting, scraping and pinching. Then indirect bullying is characterized by threatening the victim into social isolation such as including spreading gossip, refusing to socialize with the victim, bullying other people who wish to socialize with the victim, and criticizing the victim’s manner of dress and other socially-significant markers (www.file://D:\ALLABOUTBULLY\Bullying).



1.1.2 BACKGROUND OF BULLY

HISTORY OF BULLY

High-level forms of violence such as assault and murder usually receive most media attention, but lower-level forms of violence such as bullying, has only in recent years started to be addressed by researches, parents, guardians and authority figures (Whitted & Dupper, 2005).
This is only in recent years that bullying has been recognized and recorded as a separate and distinct offence, but there have been well documented cases that were recorded in a different context. The Fifth Volume of the Newgate Calender contains at least one example where Eton Scholars George Alexander Wood and Alexander Wellesley Leith were charged, at Aylesbury Assizes, with killing and slaying the Hon. F. Ashley Cooper on February 28, 1825 in an incident that would now, surely be described as “lethal hazing”. The Newgate calendar contains several other example that, while not as distinct, could be considered indicative of situations of bullying (www.file://D:\ALLABOUTBULLY\Bullying).
Now, we can looked many cases about bullying will happen in everywhere especially in school, workplace, public places, political, military, cyber and others. All of that give effect to the victim of bullying. Who is a bully? :
• Has never learnt to accept responsibility for their behavior.
• Wants to enjoy the benefits of living in the adult world but who is unable an unwilling to accept the responsibilities that are a prerequisite for being part of the adult world.
• Abdicates and denies responsibility for their behavior and its consequences (abdication and denial are common features of bullying)
• Is unable and unwilling to recognize the effect of their behavior on others.
• Does not want to know of any other way of behaving.
• Is unwilling to recognize that there could be better ways of behaving.

One student or a group can bully another student or a group of student. sometimes out of fear of becoming the next victim. People who bully other people are the types of kids that enjoy putting other people down and that makes them feel much better about themselves. People like that also feel insecure about themselves by putting others down. However there are some research suggesting that a significant proportion of normal school children may not evaluate school-based violence as negatively or as being unacceptable as much adults generally do, and may even derive enjoyment from it, and they may thus not see a reason to prevent it if it brings them joy on some level (www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_bullying).

Bullying also be perpetrated by teachers and school system there is an inherent power differential in the system that can easily predispose to subtle or convert abuse, humiliation, or exclusion even while maintaining overt commitment to anti-bullying policies. People who bullies to hide their inadequacy are often incompetent (www.file:///E:/bully.htm).

Victim of bullying can suffer from long term emotional and behavioral problems it can cause loneliness, depression, anxiety, lead to low self-esteem and increased susceptibility to illness. In Malaysia, student are always a victim is are student in secondary school especially form 1,2,3 and students in primary school. Victims of bully have a small body, a bag who physically weak like girl, new student, and student who always get a praise from teacher always be victim because the bullying think they will satisfied bullies the student (www.mhtml:file://D:Bullies.mht).

1.1.3 TYPES OF BULLY

• School bullying
• Workplace bullying
• Cyber bullying
• Political bullying
• Military bullying
• Hazing

Many types of bully but this paper will focus only one types that is school bullying (www.file://D:\ALLABOUTBULLY\Bullying).

CHARACTERISTIC OF BULLYING

Bullies have many characteristics that are opposite those of victims they are generally older male children. That can also be used as a tool to conceal shame or anxiety or to boost self-esteem than does not necessarily involve criminality or physical violence. For example, bullying often operate through psychological abuse or verbal abuse. Bullying can often be associated with street gangs, especially at school (www.file://D:\ALLABOUTBULLY\Bullying).

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

This paper has discussed the reason why bullying occur among students, the effects of bullying and the ways to overcome this problem. Refer to what discussion does about bullying among students, all people can see how bullying happen and many factor causes of bully. That causes is influence by electronic media, life pressure problem, less experience about religion moral value in student self and influence by as senior student. The bullying among students was seriously problem and even fatal. Any individual fail to manage their negative emotion also can causes the bullying including that students too. Every causes can give the effects for what situation was happened. In this paper, the discussion was followed about effects of bullying among students from side of mental or emotional and physical effects. Actually, that effect often gived the negative part for students. The victims of bulliying can suffer from long term emotional and behavioral problem. It can cause loneliness, despression, anxiety, lead to low self-esteem and increased susceptibility to injuries.

Besides that, bullying among students need to ways overcome for handle this problem. All parent, government or school side must be to take role for back up and helped the victims of bullying. The bullies also can give hard punishment from their fault for passiveness student. In other ways like school must be control their students and what the important way in this case is awareness in student self. Lastly, bullying is one part of big problem for student or public and that also never giving some happiness for someone.

CAUSES OF BULLYING AMONG STUDENTS

2.0 The reasons why bullying occur among students.

There are four many causes of bullying among students. One of the causes is parental relationship. Beside that, the next causes is school failure, influence by electronic media, peer rejection and low self-esteem. Bullies dominate, blame and use others. They have contempt for the weak and view them as their prey. They lack empathy and foresight, and do not accept responsibility for their actions. They are concerned only themselves and crave attention.


2.1.1 Parental relationship

Bullies tend to come from families that are characterized as having little warmth or affection. These families also report trouble sharing their feelings and usually rate themselves as feeling less close to each other. Parent of bullies also tend to use inconsistent discipline and little monitoring of where their children are throughout the day. Sometimes parents of bullies have very punitive and rigid discipline styles, with physical punishment being very common. Bullies also report less feelings of closeness to their siblings(mhtml:file://D:\Bullies.mht).


From early on, the bully can do whatever students want without clear consequences and discipline. Many parents today busy with their job. So, their children will be neglecting. Students do the bully to less their pressure problem. In a bullying, abused and violent family system, crisis, trauma, shame, fear, anger and guilt are the norm. In these families it is terrifying to be the center of attention. Children have been taught to keep family secret. If they are seen as bringing attention to the family through their misbehavior or through sharing their “secrets” with personnel, children will blamed for triggering “outsider” involvement and punished severely for a long period time. Again, many bullying children are habituated to extreme punishment, defenses increase, as does the bullying behavior(mhtml:file://D:\Bullies.mht).

Less experience about religion moral value in student self can cause bully. The child has no role model at home or poor role model for one or both parents and has never had the opportunity to learn behavior skills. In their home, children not have a good guidance about religion. So, students did not know how to choose between a bad and good thing. Many students today easy to influence in a bad thing like bully because to less their pressure problem. They also do bully because they bored with school.


2.1.2 School failure

Bullies are usually not model students. Very often they are not doing well in school and do not have good connections with their teachers. They also do bully because they bored with school. Students also may bring their problems at home to school with them. If a student’s family is experiencing violence, unemployment, alcohol or drug use by a family member, problems with the law, or any other upsetting experience, it can be difficult to concentrate on schoolwork. Many students who are having family problems might have trouble controlling their anger and frustration at school, and they may end up in trouble because of their behavior. Some students who are overburdened at home by circumstances that make it necessary for them to "parent" siblings, hold a job, or care for an ill or impaired parent may find it impossible to keep up. Many times students who face overwhelming family or personal problems keep these problems to themselves. School counselors can help support a student and prevent failure if they are made aware of the problem(mhtml:file://D:\Bullies.mht).


2.1.3 Influence by electronic media

Bully is also caused by film in media electronic. For example film like “Buli”, “Gengster”, “KL Menjerit”, “WWF” and etc. can give the negative effect for student. In addiction, student has instinct to try a new thing. When they watch the film, it can influence children to imitate action about what they watch in television. For example like bully. Students can feel strong like what they watch in TV. In addition, parents do not guide their children about what they must or cannot to watch. Parents also give a full freest to their children. Beside that, another electronic like games in computer also can causes to bully. There are many reasons for teasing. Students want to be the centre of attention. Sometimes, a misunderstanding or difference of opinion can trigger the idea of humiliating another person. Sometimes it could be the influence of the television or film heroes whose style they want to follow. Whatever the cause, the adversity needs to be turned into opportunity for the child to acquire certain skills and become mentally tough(mhtml:file://D:\Bullies.mht).


2.1.4 Peer rejection

Researchers who are interested in how children form relationships with their peers have identified four categories that describe how children relate to peers, based on having children name children that they like as well as children that they do not like. Popular children are those that many children say they like, and few children say that they dislike. These children have developed positive social and communication skills. Controversial children are both actively liked and disliked by many of their peers. They tend to have good social skills, but also exhibit aggressive behavior. Class clowns often fit into this category(mhtml:file://D:\Bullies.mht).

Rejected children are actively disliked by many of their peers and well liked by few of their peers. They show high rates of conflict, aggression, and immature play, and they have trouble taking the perspective of another person. They also have a hard time solving problems without resorting to violence. Rejected children are often prone to delinquency and dropping out of school later(mhtml:file://D:\Bullies.mht).

Neglected children are seldom neither liked or disliked by their peers. Although they are very shy, and may have low self-esteem, many neglected children do very well in school and are able to develop friends as they approach adolescence. Bullies come most often from the rejected category, but they sometimes are popular children as well. Victims can be selected from any category, although neglected children often are more likely to be victims(mhtml:file://D:\Bullies.mht).


2.1.5 Low self-esteem

Psychologists used to believe that bullies have low self-esteem, and put down other people to feel better about themselves. While many bullies are themselves bullied at home or at school, new research shows that most bullies actually have excellent self-esteem. Bullies usually have a sense of entitlement and superiority over others, and lack compassion, impulse control and social skills. They enjoy being cruel to others and sometimes use bullying as an anger management tool, the way a normally angry person would punch a pillow. Students also do bully because they have low self-esteem, and put down other people to feel better about themselves(www.byparents-forparents.com/causesbullies.html).

WAYS TO OVERCOME

4.0 Ways To Overcomes

Bullying in the new and modern world, become a serious and dangerous activities, especially for school students. Everyone should takes their role to make sure that these problems can be cure as soon as we can. There are a few ways to settle these problems before its become more serious. Parents, government and school are the main committee that have their own role to help overcomes the bullying problem from become more serious, especially in our country.

4.1.1 Parent role

The first way how to overcome bullying is come from their parent. As a parent, especially their children are school students, they must play a role for their children. As we can see, now most of the parent take an easy way by giving all their responsibility to school. Actually all parent have their own responsibility to their children even how busy they are. They should more alert about their children’s activities and friends. They must give them more attention and time. By these way parents can control their children from bullying problems. Sometimes the children feels that their parent never cares about what they are doing because their parents didn’t love them. That is why they think that they can do whatever they want, because no one will care about it. So, parents should realize that money is not everything for the children, they need loves and cares from their family. Besides, parents should give them more quality times. At that times many thing that parents and their children can doing together, for examples playing badminton, exercising and jogging. Sometimes, parents should spent times to heard their children’s problems and to share everything. As a parents, they should know with whom their children be friend, because the friend can influencing them to do something negative or positive. So, they should make sure that all their children’s friends are good friends and comes from good family. If the parents can play their role perfect as they can, these problems can settled because the children didn’t have any reason to do that, and they now that their parents love them and want everything best for them.


4.1.2 Government

The second way to control these problems is from the government role. Government is the big organization in a country, and these problem can causing bad effect for the country development. Therefore, the government must take an affective role to overcome the bullying problems. For example, the government can organize some speech or campaign about the negative effects of bullying. Any speech about bullying especially from counselor can make the student realized that bullying is the bad activities, and the student should be give the way how to avoid these things and how to handle these situation if they undergo. However, the campaign should be started at the primary school and continuous at the high level. The campaign likes ‘bullying is bad’ and ‘we hate bullying’ is the other ways to share an information about it. Sometimes the students didn’t know about bullying and they are the victims of the bullying, so by the campaign they know how to do and to escape themselves from bullying. Besides, advertisement or public announcement from the government likes, the factor and the bad effect of the bullying can aware the public to take an action and stay away from these problems. The advertisement and public announcement can be viewed in television, newspaper, and magazines.

4.1.3 School

Besides, school also have their own roles to overcomes bullying problems. School must to control their students. The school administrator should play their role. The important way in this case is the awareness among student self. For example, student that be caught because of the bullying case should give the punishment. But, hard punishment like caning is not the only way to make them realized their mistakes. Beside caning, they must take the counseling from the school counselor, these is the better way to make them know that bullying is a bad habits for them and the others. The teachers should always river-fish all the students in the school to make sure that the students free from bullying.

EFFECTS OF BULLYING AMONG STUDENTS

The effects of bullying among students are more to negative effects. The school bullying is behavior intended to harm or disturb the victim, especially passiveness student. Besides that, bullying can be occur in any setting where human being interact with each other. Refer to Mona O’Moore Ph.D of Anti-Bullying Centre, Trinity Collage Dublin, said, “There is a growing body of research which indicates that individuals, whether child or adult who are persistently subjected to abusive behavior are at risk of stress related illness which can sometimes lead to suicide.” Even worse, many ignore the bullying behavior among students and never take a stand. Bullying was moving from a national problem to a national epidemic with tragic implications (Sally Jessy Raphael, 2002). That bullies can hurt people included the students. The effects of bullying can be mental or emotional and physical.

3.1 Mental (Emotional) Effects

Emotional is one part where the victims of bullying accepted that effects. Cause of bullying can make someone or victim felt emotional or mental abusing. That refer to mental or emotion pressure can being the target of bullying causes strong fellings of fear and shame to face one other people. That feeling also can make students down or low self-esteem and lead to anxiety. The effects also can make it students blame themselves for the bullying behavior and frequently others blame the victim as well (www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/school_bullying). Actually, the victims of bullying have the highest despression level causes of bully. That effect can be students sad and dispirited or not happy very well. Beside that, the victims with intense feelings of vulnerability and powerlessness. They are always loner and never come out with other people or their friends. After that, this effect can become psychological trauma among students because they are really afraid with bullies. The emotional effects can common the someone of behaviors.


3.2 Physical

Other than mental or emotional effects, physical effects also can happened among students. Many things can look up from the physical effects like difference victim behaviors. That also can give the students afraid to go to the school because they are one of bullying victims. For this effects, that students felt afraid because they are has physical abusing in school like bullies punching them, shoving and attacking. The students has many injured on body and cannot be fight back. This situation always happened to weakness individual or passiveness students. Because of bullying can make it students specially, girl killed self after being teased, threatened and bullied relentlessly for a significant length of time. This level was very fearful all persons. In addition, the students often feel ill and their always skipping school or classes (www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/school_bullying). Other effect is students has trouble sleeping or nightmares because bullying on them. This is because they cannot sleep on the night cause they always thinking about bullies. Besides that, the students become loner and avoid social activities including their not mingle with other people.

Beside victims of bullying effects, bullies also accept the negative effects from behaviors. The bullies behaviors during happened in school maybe they can to be a criminal like robber, aggressive actions, rapist and abusing for wife or child when they adult soon (www.safeyouth.org/scripts/topics/bullying.asp).

BULLYING AMONG STUDENT

Introduction
bulliying is an act of repeated aggrasive behavior in order to intentionally hurt another person, physically of mentally. bully is characrerized by an individual behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person (Besag 1989)

Background of bully
high-lavel forms of violence such as assault and murder usually recieve most media attention, but lower-level forms of violence such as bullying, has only in recent year started to be addressed by researchers, parents and guardians and authority figures (whitted & Dupper)

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